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The original design, starting with the Bf F, had an asymmetrical tail-fin aerofoil with a left deflection to counteract the torque from the Daimler-Benz's counter-clockwise rotation.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Hispano Aviacion Ha Spanish fighter aircraft. Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 31 January Aerial Visuals.
Retrieved 25 January Flying Legends. Civil Aviation Authority. Warbirds News. Federal Aviation Administration. Department of Transportation.
Canada Aviation and Space Museum. Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation. Air Zoo. For this reason, some specifications included in the data sheets for these parts may not be familiar, or familiar specifications may be applied in unfamiliar ways.
This application note explains the specifications and terms found in MEMS microphone data sheets so that the microphone can be appropriately designed into a system.
The sensitivity of a microphone is the electrical response at its output to a given standard acoustic input. The standard reference input signal for microphone sensitivity measurements is a 1 kHz sine wave at 94 dB sound pressure level SPL , or 1 pascal Pa, a measurement of pressure.
A microphone with a higher sensitivity value has a higher level output for a fixed acoustic input than a microphone with a lower sensitivity value.
Microphone sensitivity in decibels dB is typically a negative number; therefore, a higher sensitivity is a smaller absolute value. It is important to note the units presented with the sensitivity specifications of the microphone.
It is incorrect to directly compare the sensitivity of two microphones if the sensitivity is not specified with the same unit.
For analog microphones, the sensitivity is typically specified in units of dBV, that is, decibels with reference to 1.
For digital microphones, the sensitivity is typically specified in dBFS , that is, decibels with reference to a full-scale digital output dBFS.
For digital microphones, a full-scale signal is defined as the highest signal level that can be output from the microphone; for Analog Devices MEMS microphones, this level is dB SPL.
See the Maximum Acoustic Input section for a fuller description of this signal level. Sensitivity is the ratio of the input pressure to the electrical output voltage or digital word.
This measurement is converted to a decibel value with the following equation:. For digital microphones, sensitivity is measured as a percentage of the full-scale output that is generated by a 94 dB SPL input.
For a digital microphone, the conversion equation is. Higher sensitivity does not always indicate a better microphone. A microphone with higher sensitivity typically has less headroom between the output level under typical conditions, such as conversational speech, and the maximum output level.
In near-field close-talking applications, a microphone with higher sensitivity is more likely to cause distortion. This distortion often reduces the overall dynamic range of the microphone.
Directionality describes the pattern in which the microphone's sensitivity changes when the sound source changes position in space. All Analog Devices MEMS microphones are omnidirectional or omni , which means that they are equally sensitive to sound coming from all directions, regardless of the orientation of the microphone.
Figure 1 shows a 2-axis polar plot of the micro-phone's response. This plot looks the same regardless of whether the microphone's port is oriented in the x-y, x-z, or y-z plane.
The directional response of a system may not be omnidirectional when an omni microphone is designed into a larger enclosure, such as a cell phone.
For the system designer, an omnidirectional microphone provides greater flexibility in the design of the system response to an acoustic input than if the microphone itself has a directional response.
Multiple omnidirectional microphones can be arranged in arrays to create various directivity patterns and for beamforming applications.
The signal-to-noise ratio SNR specifies the ratio of a reference signal to the noise level of the microphone output.
SNR is calculated by measuring the noise output of the micro-phone in a quiet, anechoic environment.
This specification is typically presented over a 20 kHz bandwidth as an A-weighted value dBA , which means that it includes a correction factor that corresponds to the human ear's sensitivity to sound at different frequencies.
When comparing SNR measurements of different microphones, it is important to make sure that the specifications are presented using the same weighting and bandwidth; a reduced bandwidth measurement makes the SNR specification better than it is with a full 20 kHz bandwidth measurement.
The dynamic range of a microphone is a measure of the difference between the loudest and quietest SPLs to which the microphone responds linearly.
The SNR of the microphone measures the difference between the noise floor and a 94 dB SPL reference, but the microphone still has a great deal of useful signal response above this reference level.
Figure 2 shows the relationship between an acoustic input measured in dB SPL and a microphone's voltage output in dBV. The dynamic range and SNR measurements are shown between these two scales for reference.
This is a function of the definition of sensitivity being measured at 94 dB SPL and is not a design parameter that is adjustable by changing the gain of the microphone ASIC.
Equivalent input noise EIN is the output noise level of the microphone, expressed in SPL, as a theoretical external noise source placed at the microphone's input.

3 Comments
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